Alternatywny system komunikacji grupowej

Oleńka

To mi się udało opracować jak jeszcze myślałam, że podejdę do przedterminu. Niestety w polowie punktu trzeciego się rozchorowałam i stwierdziłam, że nie będę w stanie podejść do egzaminu. Teraz niestety okazało się, że zostawiłam swoje notatki z wykladów w Poznaniu, więc do następnego zjazdu raczej nic nie zrobię. Więc jakby ktoś miał troche czasu...
Aha, nie napisałam nic w podpunkcie "The family", bo nic w wykładach nie znalazłam.
Pozdrawiam

a) National symbols
tartan – traditional woollen cloth from Scotland that has patterns of squares abd lines woven in various colours. They are associated with with a particular clan.
Britannia – a figure of woman representing Britain which appears on many coins. She is shown siiting down wearing a helmet and holding a trident (a long weapon with three points). Britannia was a Roman name for Britain. For pictures see: [link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
The Union Jack: The national flag of United Kingdom is commonly known as the Union Jack or Union Flag. It has been used as the British flag since 1603, when Scotland and England were united. The original design combined the red cross of England (St George’s Cross) with a white diagonal cross on a blue background of Scotland (St Andrew’s Cross). The red diagonal cross of Ireland (St Patrick’s Cross) was added in 1801, when Ireland became part of the United Kingdom. For more see: [link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
John Bull – typical 18th century gentelman – he is a fictionak character who personifies Englishness and English virtues, symbolizes relability and persistance. Created by Dr. John Arbuthnot in 1712
Royak Coat of Arms: the personal symbol of the British king or queen, consisting of the lion and a unicorn holding a shield, on which other symbols represent England, Scotland and Ireland. See also: [link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
b) Geography: The UK, The British Isles, Great Britain, Area
British Isles: Britain, Ireland and several smaller ones (Isle of Man)
surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean
composed of four constituent parts: three constituent countries - England, Scotland, and Wales - on the island of Great Britain, and the province of Northern Ireland on the island of Ireland

Physical Features, rivers.
Britain's geographical position is marked by 0 longitude which passes through Greenwich; by latitude50 Nin south-west England; and by 60N latitude across the Shetlands in north-east Scotland.
Rivers:
England: Tyne, Trent, Hember, Thames
Wales: Dee, Wye, Severn.
Scotland: Clyde, Forth, Tweed
Nothern Ireland: Bann, Lagan

Climate:
Oceanic - humid and temperate with small seasonal contrasts, lacks extremes
Temperature is mild duing to the influence of Gulf Stream (a north atlantic current), it is rarely above 32 in summer and below -1o in winter
But there are differences between north and south: Shetlands between 3 and 11 and Isle of Wright from 5 to 16
Summers are cold, winters mild with only short spells of frost and snow
Rainfall is abundant and well distributed thriugh the year; the heaviest annual fall is in the north and west
Sunshine: in summer average daily sunshine varies from 5 hours in nirth Scotland to eight hours in the Isle of Wight and in winter: 1 hour and 2 hours
Natural resources, regions.
England: consist largely of lawland areas: London Midlands, East Anglia, Fens, Lincolnshire and Eastern Yorkshire (area suitable for agriculture). But there are algo some upland areas: Cheviot Hills, Lake District, Cumbrian Mountains, Pennines, Peak District, Devon and Cornwall
The heaviest population concentrations centre on the largest town and cities, such as London and in south-west England generally; the West Midlands region around Birmingham; the Yorkshire cieties of Leeds, Bradford and Sheffield; the north-western indistrial area around Liverpool and Manchester; and the north-east region comprising Newcastle and Sunderland.
Scotland: divided into three regions:
North-West and Central Highlands (Grampians) - thinly populated, but comprised half the country's land mass. Heavy rainfall in the highlands is the chief source of Britain's hydro-electric power. Ben Nevis (13420 - the highest place in Britain.
Central Lowlands - one fifth of the land area, but three quarters of the population, most of the industrial and commercial centres and much of the cultivated land.
Southern Uplands - cover a number of hill ranges straching toward the border with England, ruins of medieval monasteries and castles
The main populations concentrations are around the administrative centre and capital of Edinbourgh; the commercial and industrial area of Glasgow; and the regional centres of Aberdeen (and oil industry city) and Dundee.
Wales: mainly a highland country with long stretches of moorland plateau, hills and mountains. In the centre of Wales there is 'Welsh Massif' the mayor upland zone, which contains the Weles's highrst peak: Snowdon (1085m)
The lowland zones are restricted to the narrow coastal belts and to the lower parts of the rivers valleys in south Wales, where two-thirds of the Welsh population live. The chief urban concentration of people and industry are around the bigger southern cities, such as the capital Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and to a lesser extent in the north-easr of the country.
Nothern Ireland: It has rocky north coastline, south-central fertile plain and mountainous areas in the west, north-east and south-east. The south-eastern Mourne Mountains include the highest peak Slieve Donard (853m). Lough Neagh (381 sq. km) is the Britain's largest freshwater lake and lies at the centre of the country. Capital Belfast lies at the mounth of the river Lagan and has the biggest population concentration.Northern Ireland generally has a sparse and scatterd population and is a largery rural country.

The influence of geographical factors on settlement and economy:
The British gepgraphical position is the most favourable of all European countries because it is an island:
Insular posotion of fords splendid isolation but proximitly to the continent allows close conection with Europe
Command of sea routes to Europe has made Britain the greatest naval power in the world
Position in the centre of the hemisphere allows ready access to overseas countries. UK was the world's foremost commercial and colonial power.

The North/ South divide.
South is more developed and it is industrial area, on north many industries collapsed. In the south people are more educated, houses are better equiped. Northern votes for labour (socialist party)

2. Society.
Recent changes in the sociaty: egalitarianism and stability undermined
Population: distribution, migration trends.
Celtic vs. Anglo-Saxon
English, Scotish, Welsh and Irish
Dual national role
English don't have problems because of that, the others have because England was always leading and conquested the other nations. They have national parties, but they don't have much influence
Cornish Scottish Highlanders - some nationalists attept to form their own countries, they regard themselves as distiguish celtic identity. They are quite present and demonstrate, not only in politics, but also culture, competitions, etc

Changes in population distibution in the XX century:
drift into south
Decline of inner city populations, 80 % of the British live in urban areas
Recently a reverse trendency: people are more into suburbs and rural areas.
Immigration from Europe and from outside Europe.
The past:
from 17th century: from France, Netherlands, who had to escape because of religious beliefs, also people were looking for economic freedom in Britain.
18th labourers from Ireland escaped poverty
Legacy of the British Empire - the colonial countries were able to come to Britain without any legal barriers
By 1911 the number of people born outside UK was only 428000 (1% of the population)
Aliens Restriction Act 1919 - immigration doesn't apply to Commonwealth citizens
After WWII there were many refugees
Old Commonwealth countries: Canada, Australia, New Zeland, South Africa - they weren't treated as strangers
New Commonwealth countries: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the West Indies (Caribean) - they came after WWII in order to fill the vacancies in economy, but they were coulored and it caused some tensions
Immigration Act, 1971 (established by conservatives) - treats all Commonwealth citizens as aliens
The present:
Immigration from Europe: Italian, Poles, Hungarians, Checks, Slovakians, Ukrainians
Jews, Sephardic, Ashkenzim - 400000
From outside Europe: Indians and Pakistans, East-African Asians, Chinese, Vietnamese, Arabs: 2,5 mln (4,5% of population)
Racialist policies: National Front and the British Movement
Immigration from the Republic of Ireland and from the EU
EU promotion of free flow of labour
Emmigration - to the Old Commonwealth countries

The role of women.
In Britain women are more discriminated than in Poland
People often uncounscieusly expect a large number of differences in everyday behaviour and domestic role
Financial situation is to be shared between men and women.
When women have children they stop working for some time.
Men take part in domestic activities, but still propotion of men who never changed a babby's nappy had remained the same in the 1990 as in the 1950 that is 40%
Differences between women from different classes
Women are admitted in most public institutions (exeption: Oxford and Cambridge Club)
In 1993 the average full-time male employee earned about 50% more than a full-time female emplyee
According to the Economist in 1972 there were olny 2 women that held important position in the country. In 1989 olny one-third of doctors were women.
Main profession:
Primary School teachers - 75%
Secondary School teachers - 43%
University lecturers - 11%, but only 1,7% are proffesors
nurses
administrations rekated works (secretary)
personal service
sales and costuner services
manual workers

The family.

Social classes:
Royality - still enjoys great popularity, sort of factor which unifies the society
Nobility - (baron viscount, earl, marquess, duke) they don't have to be elected, they are in the House of Lords, they stay in the counties ooutside London
Gentry - enjoy considerable prestige, they own land, many busunessmen trying to follow the way of life of gentry
Upper Middle Class - busunessmen, lawyers, doctors, politicians, administration workers - they took occupation of the gentry. Development of science and technology, importance of higher education.
Lower Middle Class - independent traders, owners of small business, companies, they are experiencing economical problems, because of supermarkets
Labour - after war they had high living standards - as a result of full employment. After that there was a decline - 1960s - it was a great unemployment in Britain. However, in 1970s there was some legislation, because of labourist (labour party), the trade unions became very strong. Government improved their situation after coal main were closed down - they open new industries for those people who lost their jobs.

3. Political system.
The constitutional framework.
no revolution in the UK system of government
no written constitution
Constitution consist of:
statute law (Act of Parliament);
common law (judge-made law);
conventions (principles and practices that are not legally binding but have the forcr of law);
some ancient documents like Magna Carta;
and the new addition of European Union law
Advantages: stability and adaptavity
Disadvantages: you can't fight for your right quoting constitution

The Crown: its political and social roles.
Monarch is the oldest secular institution
Succesion to the throne is hereditary only for protestants
The roles of the monarch:
head of the State and of the Commonwealth
head of three branches
head of the English Church
protector of the Church of Scotland
Takes part in the parades and all military events
monarch is supposed to reign but not to rule, in fact has little power
monarch is expected to be politically neutral
Duties of the monarch:
summons, opens, proroques (or adjourns) and dissolves Parliament
gives Royal Assent (sign bills)
appoints government ministers (only oficially after PM suggestion)
grants honours
official audience with the PM
conveys meetings of the Privy Council
chooses and appoints the PM. Usualy the PM is the leader of the political party
pays taxes
Rights:
acts on the advic of PM
to be informed and adviced
to encourage, warn and advice ministers
permament fixture in the system
Monarch has his/her own budget
Advantages:
The symbol of the state, the symbol of the unity in Britain
The monarch has a higher prestige than politicians
monarch is less prone to be the subject of the political manipulations (because is neutral)
monarch is well known in the world
many people feel attached to the monarch
Disadvantages:
totaly non-democratic
too expensive
sustain class division
many critics say that the power is only ceremonial